![]() Environment appears to play a critical role in determining gait differences, with reduction of drag being one of the most important determinants in increasing duration of the swing phase. The submerged gait pattern was closer to a trot, with a duty factor of only 41%, including periods of suspension. In contrast, submerged speeds were nearly twice as fast, with a mean of 1.19 SVL/sec. For treadmill walking at a relative speed of 0.63 snout–vent lengths (SVL)/sec, newts used a diagonal couplets lateral sequence walk with a duty factor of 77%. We, therefore, quantified the movements of the body axis and limbs of the California newt, Taricha torosa, during steady-speed walking in two environments, both of which presented a level surface: a treadmill and a trackway that was submerged in an aquarium. ![]() Nonetheless, locomotion in this group is poorly understood, as is underwater pedestrian locomotion in general. Salamanders are acknowledged to be the closest postural model of early tetrapods and are capable of walking both in a terrestrial environment and while submerged under water.
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